SGQ12

Crisis in the Middle East p. 3-9

What was the Jewish claim to Palestine?

That is was given to them by God and they had lived in it for thousands of years.

What was the importance of the Balfour Declaration?

It gave land from the Palestine to Jewish settlers, but the Arabs didn't want the Jews there and did not think the Jews deserved the land.

What was the Arab claim to Palestine?

They had lived there ever since the Jews had left and made up the majority of the people. The Arabs also wanted the land because it was holy to them.

To what extent was WWI a turning point in the struggle for Arab independence?

The Arabs thought of it as a turning point. They felt they would gain their independence, but in reality the land was technically owned by the British and French, although the government was Arabic.

Why did Britain and France want mandates in the Middle East?

They wanted the natural resources and land that resided there. They also wanted to overthrow the Turks.

SGQ11

IBSL2 SGQ11

Guiding questions:

Why did the Cold War spread from Europe to other parts of the world after 1950?

For what reasons, and with what results for East-West relations, did the superpowers become involved

in the affairs of one of the following: Korea; Vietnam; the Middle East?

What were the effects of the Korean War on international relations?

MWH p. 143-147

1. Background

a. Explain the evolution of control of Korea from 1910 to 1948

Japan had occupied Korea, so the US and Russia split up the country for the purpose of eradicating the Japanese. The US thought there would be free elections, but there was a disagreement and Korea became part of the Cold War conflict.

b. What was the leadership situation in Korea in 1949?

Russian and American troops withdrew themselves, and leaders from North and South Korea claimed themselves as leaders of the country.

2. Why did the North invade the South?

Possible answers:

a. Kim's idea - It was Kim's idea, inspired by the lack of a mention of Korea in the USA's list of countries to defend.

b. Chinese role - Kim was encouraged by the Chinese Communists.

c. Russian role - The Communists wanted to take over all of Korea

d. S. Korea's role - Syngman Rhee's troops crossed the 38th parallel.

3. What did the USA do?

Attacked.

a. Why did Truman decide to intervene?

i. Felt it was part of Stalin's Communist Revolution

ii. Remembered Hitler's policies, appeasement did not work

iii. Wanted to back the UN

iv. Was undergoing criticism from Republicans, had to dispel claims of Communist infenstation

b. What nations joined the US in support of S. Korea?

14 Countries of the UN, including Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.

c. Briefly summarize the course of the war in 1950

When the UN went in, Korea was almost all Communist. They pushed it back to the border, then invaded North Korea.

d. How and why did China get involved?

Chinese felt Manchuria was threatened, summoned huge force to push UN troops back.

e. How did the war end?

Treaty with boundary lines around 38th parallel.

4. What were the results of the war?

a. Korea -

4 mil dead, 5 mil homeless, armed to the teeth

b. the US -

Truman felt containment was a success, Republicans felt they missed their chance for a North Korean invasion.

c. the UN -

Looked at by the Communists as a Capitalist tool.

d. China -

Huge military effort highlighted missing UN seat

e. the Cold War -

Asia now involved. Permanent conflict between USSR/China and US. SEATO created, fails.

SGQ9

MWH p.69-84

1. Relations between Japan and China
a. Japanese invasion of Manchuria
i. why? Japan wanted to control the province
ii. who supported them? who was opposed? China against, British League of Nations rep. for
iii. what was done? Japan was given Port Arthur and part of Southern Manchuria

b. Japanese advance from Manchuria
i. explain - Japan started moving into Chinese territory, controlled a large area politically and economically by 1935.

c. Further invasions
i. explain - Japan starting invading other parts of China, Prime Minister could do nothing
ii. what did the League of Nations do? Condemned Japanese aggression but could not act.

2. Mussolini's foreign policy
a. 1923-1934 (summarize)
i. Attended the Locarno Conference
ii. Friendly towards Greece, Hungary, Albania
iii. Cultivated good relations with Britain
iv. Recognized the USSR as a country
v. Supported anti-Nazis

b. after 1934 - how had Mussolini's attitude changed? examples:
i. Britain and France's refusal to mention the Abyssinian crisis showed how self-centered they were
ii. The Italians invaded Abyssinia
1. what did the League of Nations do? They condemned Italy and banned supplies, but not coal and oil, so the Italians were still able to defeat the Abyssinians.
iii. Mussolini sent help to Franco during the Spanish Civil War
iv. Italy joined Japan and Germany against the other European countries.
v. He participated in the Munich agreement
vi. Italian troops occupied Albania
vii. Mussolini signed a full contract with Germany which promised Italy full military support.


3. Hitler's foreign policy
a. aims
i. Destroying the Versailles treaty
ii. Building up military
iii. Recovering lost territory
iv. Bringing all German speakers into the Reich.

b. successes
i. Hitler carefully moved himself out of the League and the World Diarmament Conference.
ii. Hitler signed a 10 year non-aggression pact with the Poles.
iii. The Autrian Nazis killed off their chancellor.
iv. The Saar was returned to Germany.
v. Hitler re-introduced conscription.
vi. Hitler signed a pact with Britain allowing a navy that was 35% of Britain's size.
vii. Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland and was met with only protests.
viii. Hitler signed a pact with Japan and later Mussolini.
ix. The Chancellor tried to make free elections in Austria after Nazi demonstrations, and Hitler had the Nazis invade. Austria became part of the Third Reich.

4. Appeasement
a. what is appeasement? summarize the two phases:
i. A vague feeling that war should be avoided, not very strict
ii. The making of claims through negotiation rather than force.

b. how was it justified?
i. It was "essential" to avoid war.
ii. Many felt Germany and Italy had genuine sorrows.
iii. Chamberlain thought disputes should be settled by personal contact between leaders.
iv. Economic co-op between Britain and Germany was beneficial to both countries.
v. Fear of communism was great, it was believed Nazi Germany could be a buffer against its spread.
vi. Britain was totally unprepared for a full-scale war.

c. what was the role of appeasement leading up to WWII?
i. No action was taken to check German rearmament
ii. The Anglo-German Naval agreement was signed
iii. Action against the Abyssinian invasion was half-hearted
iv. The French did not mobilize their troops
v. Neither Britain nor France intervened in the Spanish Civil War.
vi. Many Britians saw the Anschluss as the natural union of two German groups.

5. Munich to the outbreak of war
a. Czechoslovakia - what were the three steps to the conquest of Czechoslovakia?
i. The Propaganda Campaign in the Sutenland
ii. The Munich Conference
iii. The Destruction of Czechoslovakia

b. Poland - what were the two steps to the conquest of Poland?
i. Hitler demanded the return of Danzig
ii. Hitler invaded Poland

SGQ8

IBSL2 SGQ8

Guiding questions:

Compare and contrast the economic and social policies of one left wing and one right wing single-party ruler.

Examine the status of women in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region.

MWH p.415-420

How successful was Mao Zedong in dealing with China's problems?

a. Problems facing Mao

1. Food shortages

2. Destruction of railways, roads, dykes and dams

3. Bad economy

b. the constitution of 1950

1. who/what had authority for all the main decisions?

The Politburo, a Bureau chosen by the State Council.

2. who was eligible to be elected?

Communist party members.

c. Agricultural changes - what were the two steps taken to collectivize Chinese peasants?

1. Land was taken from large landowners and divided among the peasants.

2. The peasants were encouraged to join collective farms.

d. Industrial changes

1. who helped and was the model?

The Russians helped, and the model was a plan for increase in heavy industry.

2. what evidence of success was there?

i. Communications had been restored.

ii. Inflation was under control.

e. the Hundred Flowers campaign

i. what was a cadre?

A group that organized the masses politically and economically.

ii. why might the cadres be threatened by technicians and engineers?

They would question the cadres' authority.

iii. what was the solution?

An open discussion of the issue between the cadres and the experts/intellectuals.

iv. how did that work out for the government?

The Communist party and its tactics were criticized, and Mao quickly ended the campaign.

f. Summarize the two main features of the Great Leap Forward:

1. Communes, collective farms containing a variety of workers, were introduced.

2. Industry was changed to emphasize the production of farm tools.

3. what was the short term effect of the Great Leap Forward?

i. The withdrawal of Russian aide.

ii. Hardship from 1959-1963.

iii. Mao's resignation as Chairman of People's Congress.

4. what was the long term effect of the Great Leap Forward?

i. Agriculture and industry increased.

ii. Communes worked well as miniature governments, made running of the country possible.

iii. Spread of education and welfare, improvement in women's role in society.

g. the Cultural Revolution

1. briefly summarize the differences between the right wing and left wing views within the Party:

RIGHT- They thought that incentives were necessary for the commune to function effectively, and that an expert class should exist instead of the cadres

LEFT- A privileged class must be avoided because it was vital to keep in touch with the masses.

2. who carried out the Cultural Revolution?

The young people of China and the Red Guard.

3. briefly describe the activities which made up the Cultural Revolution:

All authority figures were denounced and physically attacked, disgracing and ruining millions.

4. what was the impact of the Cultural Revolution?

It ruined millions of lives and held up economic development by ten years.

SGQ 7

IBSL2 SGQ7

QWs:

Compare and contrast the economic and social policies of one left wing and one right wing single-party ruler.

Examine the status of women in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region.

In what ways did one ruler of a single-party state try to use education to support his regime?

MWH 369-378

3. How successful was Stalin in solving Russia's political problems?
a. What were Russia's political problems?
i. The government was unpopular with the public.
ii. Stalin and the Communists did not have complete control of the country.
iii. The non-Russian parts of the country wanted to be become independent.

b. The Purges and Great Terror
i. What were the "purges"?
The mass killing and/or expulsion of Stalin's political enemies.
ii. How were the purges justified?
1. Through Kirov's murder by a Communist Party member, which Stalin said was the beginning of assassination attempts against him.
2. Victims were accused of cooperating with Trotsky or plotting against Stalin.
iii. What was the Great Terror? How was it carried out?
The Great Terror was a series of mass expulsions and killings. Victims were put to work in labor camps for apparent treason, and "show trials" were held against former party officials.
c. What was the purpose of the 1936 constitution? How did it work in practice?
The purpose was to have the people choose candidates who we be part of new sections of the government. In practice, those elected had no power and consistently voted almost 100% in favor of Stalin's policies.
d. What was Stalin's two part approach for holding the union together?

i. He encouraged international cultures and languages.
ii. Moscow was given the ultimate power in all decisions, and discrepancies would be resolved by force.

4. What was everyday life and culture like under Stalin?

a. Why was life hard?

i. food: Famine due to bad harvests

ii. housing: Rapid increase in urban population led to bad living conditions

iii. the nomenklatura: Special elite party members that were allowed privileges not available to the general public.

b. What signs of improvement were there?

i. Food supplies improved.

ii. Cheap meals and free clothing at factories.

iii. Free education and health care.

iv. More facilities for leisure.

c. The state, women, and the family

i. Why was life hard for women?

1. There was a high divorce and desertion rate.

2. They still had to manage the family.

ii. What two goals did the government have for women?

1. To be a part of the workforce.

2. To strengthen the family.

iii. What policies did the government adopt towards women?

1. More daycare centers were built.

2. Abortions were made illegal unless dangerous.

3. Maternal leave was allowed.

iv. What was life like for upper-class or well-educated women?

They were masters of th household only, and later learned some of the arts of war in case they needed to take over for men.

d. Education

i. What improvements were made to education?

1. Literacy was improved.

2. More schools were created and a law was passed requiring attendance.

ii. What were some of the goals of education?

1. To improve literacy.

2. To turn the young into perfect Soviet citizens.

e. Religion

i. Was was the Communist view of religion?

It was a way to control the masses.

ii. What actions did the government take towards religious organizations?

They slaughtered thousands of priests and rabbis.

iii. What was the people's reaction to those policies/actions?

They rebelled and eventually religion was allowed because Stalin thought it would be good for patriotism.

f. Literature and theater

Literature was not allowed if it portrayed the Soviet union in a bad light, and Stalin himself sometimes made corrections to books. A similar rule was made for theatre, where those who did not comply were killed.

g. Art, architecture, and music

Art was expected to portray happy workers. Permitted music was determined by Stalin's taste; he once ruined a very popular play with a bad review.

h. The cinema

Film was supposed to be simple but powerful, and incorporate Soviet values. Films that did not find favor with Stalin pushed him to write his own scripts.

SGQ 6

IBSL2 SGQ6

QWs:

Compare and contrast the economic and social policies of one left wing and one right wing single-party ruler.

Examine the status of women in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region.

In what ways did one ruler of a single-party state try to use education to support his regime?

MWH 361-368


1. How successful was Stalin in solving Russia's economic problems?
a. What were Russia's economic problems?
Production of heavy industry was low, and the primitive agriculture system could not provide enough food.
b. What were the Five Year Plans?

Production goals set up to be reached within five years by Stalin.
i. How were they carried out?
Industry and agriculture were both taken over by the government. Old capitalist methods were used to encourage worker productivity, such as benefits for better output. Collectivization was utilized for greater agricultural efficiency.
ii. How successful were they? (Provide hard facts as evidence!)

The targets for the plans were consistently reached one year ahead of time. By 1940 they had surpassed Britain in pig-iron (USSR 14.9M tons, Britain 6.7, Germany 18.3) and in steel (USSR 18.4M tons, Britain 10.3, Germany 22.7), and had almost caught to Germany in coal (USSR 164.6M tons, Germany 186, Britain 227).
c. What does collectivization mean?

Collectivization is the process of moving all of the peasants to "collective" farms, where the peasants own the land collectively.
i. How was it carried out?
It was carried out through brute force in the countryside, and forceful collection of all grain harvests.
ii. How successful was it? (Provide hard facts as evidence!)
It was successful in the sense that agriculture became "mechanized." However, in reality total grain production went down from 73.3 million tons in 1928, to 67.6 in 1934. Afterwards it rose to 97.4 in 1937, but the initial plan was a failure. The elimination of the kulaks, who were the best workers, as well as migration to cities and a lack of cooperation by peasants was the cause of the famine in 1932-3 in the Ukraine.

2. How successful was Stalin in solving Russia's political problems?
a. What were Russia's political problems?
i. The government was unpopular with the public.
ii. Stalin and the Communists did not have complete control of the country.
iii. The non-Russian parts of the country wanted to be become independent.

b. The Purges and Great Terror
i. What were the "purges"?
The mass killing and/or expulsion of Stalin's political enemies.
ii. How were the purges justified?
1. Through Kirov's murder by a Communist Party member, which Stalin said was the beginning of assassination attempts against him.
2. Victims were accused of cooperating with Trotsky or plotting against Stalin.
iii. What was the Great Terror? How was it carried out?
The Great Terror was a series of mass expulsions and killings. Victims were put to work in labor camps for apparent treason, and "show trials" were held against former party officials.
c. What was the purpose of the 1936 constitution? How did it work in practice?
The purpose was to have the people choose candidates who we be part of new sections of the government. In practice, those elected had no power and consistently voted almost 100% in favor of Stalin's policies.
d. What was Stalin's two part approach for holding the union together?

i. He encouraged international cultures and languages.
ii. Moscow was given the ultimate power in all decisions, and discrepancies would be resolved by force.

SGQ5

QW's:

1. “The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
2. Compare and contrast the rise to power of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region.

MWH 349-358

How successfully did Lenin and the Bolsheviks deal with their problems (1917-1924?)

I. How much support did the Bolsheviks have from the people?
a. the elections of November 1917
i. Bolshevik seats - 175
ii. Social Revolutionary seats - 370
iii. Mensheviks seats - 15
iv. "left wing" groups - 40
v. nationality groups - 80
vi. Kadets - 17

b. How did Lenin respond to the election results?
He broke up the Constituent assembly with the Red Guards and created the
Sovnarkam (Council of People's Commissars)with himself as chairman and 15
Bolsheviks members.
II. What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and what were its conditions?
a. It was a treaty between...
Russia and Germany
b. Russia gave up
i. 1/3 of her framing land and 2/3 of her coal mines
ii. 1/3 of her population
iii. 1/2 her heavy industry

III. Why did the Bolsheviks resort to violence?
a. Violence from others
i. Petrograd and Moscow - Severe food shortages occurred. Lenin blamed the kulaks who horded food and used the Cheka to deal with them.
ii. Ukraine - The loss of the Ukraine added to the food shortages.
iii. Social Revolutionaries - Did their best to wreck the treaty, assassinated German ambassador and Bolshevik government official.
iv. violence aimed at Bolshevik leaders - Head of Cheka assassinated, Lenin shot (but survived)

b. Lenin's flawed reasoning
i. Marx's predictions
1. Middle class would overthrow autocracy and create parliamentary democracy
2. Industrialization, industry workers become new majority, overthrow and create classless system
ii. Russia's reality
1. Lenin thought these two revolutions could be combined
2. Small government came to power without industrial majority, instead had to cater to the peasants
iii. Lenin's expectations for the rest of Europe
Thought that Soviets would be supported by neighboring European communist countries
c. Liberal historical interpretation
Lenin and Trotsky were always committed to use of violence, Cheka set up while Soviets were only government, wanted the death penalty
IV. The Red Terror
a. against peasants - over 6000 executed, against those with "surplus"
b. against political opponents - Round up and shot like the peasants
c. against the former Tsar - Entire royal family killed

V. Civil War
a. Which groups made up the "Whites"? Social Revolutinaries, Mensheviks, tsarist officers and any other opponents of the Bolsheviks.
b. What was the Whites' main goal? To set up a democratic government on Western ideals.
c. What was the role of other nations? Russia's WWI allies intervened to help the Whites.
d. What was the result of the Civil War? The Bolsheviks defeated the Whites.
e. How were the communists able to win the Civil War?
i. The Whites were unorganized.
ii. The Red armies outnumbered the Whites by about 10 to one, and were better armed.
iii. Lenin implemented War Communism, which was successful in providing food and materials for the armies.
iv. Lenin was able to link the Reds with "nationalism" and mark the Whites as foreign in people's minds.

VI. What were the effects of the Civil War?
a. civilian deaths - 8 million from war or disease, four times the amount of WWI
b. economic changes - The state was now more centralized

VII. What was done about economic problems?
a. effects of war communism
i. Put the NEP into effect
ii. Brought back old managers and foriegn trade
b. reforms of the New Economic Policy
i. Sale of surplus was allowed
ii. Small industries restored to state ownership
iii. Foreign investment encouraged
c. successes of the NEP
i. Production levels improved
ii. Industrial workers paid real wages
iii. Peasants enjoyed a higher standard of living

SGQ3

How did the Communists come to power in China?

1. Revolution and the warlord era
a. Explain the three major crises of this era?
i. Europeans began to forcefully move into China
ii. The Taiping Rebellion
iii. The defeat at the hands of the Japanese/The Boxer Rebellion
b. What was the immediate cause of the 1911 revolution?
The soldiers began the revolution and were quickly followed by the rest of the population.
c. What were the two important positive developments that took place during the Warlord Era?
i. The May the Fourth movement against the warlords began.
ii. The Guomindang gained power, eventually having enough to defeat the Warlords by 1928.

2. The Kuomintang, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and Chiang Kai-shek
a. What were Sun Yat-sen's three goals for China?
i. Nationalism: to make China a respected power and rid her of foreign influence.
ii. Democracy: China should be ruled by the people, once educated.
iii. Land reform: Sun wanted land to be given among the peasants, but also did not want landlords' property to be confiscated.
b. What three steps did Chiang take to consolidate power?
i. He removed all left-wingers from high positions in the GMD.
ii. He set out on the Northern march to destroy the warlords.
iii. He launched an extermination campaign against the Communists.

3. Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party
a. How did the Communists survive the extermination campaigns?
They ran into the mountains and, when surrounded, broke through the lines of the GMD, hiking 6k miles in a little over one year, passing through mountains, capturing cities and eluding governmental armies.
b. Why did Mao and the Communists gain support?
i. The GMD was was corrupted and looked after the interests of the wealthy rather than the peasants.
ii. The factory conditions barely improved
iii. The peasants remained poor, due to the hoarding of food in cities and high taxes. By contrast, the Communists gave even the poorest peasants land and restricted rents.
iv. The GMD put up no resistance the Japanese. Chiang would rather destroy the Communists than the Japanese, although nobody else agreed. He was eventually forced to ally with the Communists against Japan, bringing them great honor and resources.

4. Briefly summarize how the CCP won their struggle with the KMT, and give 2 reasons
At first, it appeared as if the the GMD would win, with foreign support and more occupied land. However, the CCP was able to avoid their armies until their force was sufficient for a head-on attack, which they executed immediately. They were able to defeat the GMD due to a better organized party system, as well as the possession of leaders who were more dedicated to their cause and were able to exploit the weaknesses of the GMD.

SGQ2

A. Reforms under Nicholas II
1. How was Nicholas able to survive the 1905 revolution?
i. His opponents were not united
ii. There was no main leadership, the uprising had happened spontaneously
iii. He compromised with the October Manifesto at a critical moment
iv. Most of the Russian Army were still loyal to him.

2. What reforms did Nicholas institute?
i. Improvement in pay and conditions for industrial workers
ii. The cancellation of payments made by peasants for freedom and land
iii. More liberties for the media
iv. True democracy in the form of the Duma
3. What happened to the Dumas?
The first Duma had too many rights for Nicholas to bear, and was henceforth dismissed after 10 weeks. The same fate befell the second Duma, at which point Nicholas changed the voting system so that peasants and factory workers could not vote. The next two Dumas were much more conservative and lasted longer, although they had no real power.

B. Strengths of the regime
1. how did Stolypin gain support of some peasants?
i. He did away with redemption payments.
ii. He encouraged peasants to buy their own payments.
iii. what is a kulak?
A wealthy peasant who owned his own farm.
2. how did the regime gain support among industrial workers?
Improved working conditions in the industries.
3. other positive signs for the regime
i. Universal education within 10 years, 50k more primary schools by 1914
ii. The revolutionary parties had little cash, were ripped apart by disagreements, and party heads were in exile.

C. Weaknesses of the regime
1. why were Stolypin's land reforms failing?
i. The amount of peasants was rising too fast.
ii. His methods weren't efficient enough to support the rise in population.
2. what was the trend with industrial strikes in the years leading to WWI?
The amount of strikes rose from 1912 through July 1914.
3. what three groups did the government especially target for repression?
i. Peasants
ii. Industrial Workers
iii. Intelligentsia (educated classes)

4. revolutionary parties - what did each hope for?
i. Bolsheviks - A small party of educated revolutionaries to bring the revolution.
ii. Mensheviks - Anybody and everybody to help them take over the country.
iii. Social Revolutionaries - A society based on peasant communities working together.

5. How was the royal family tainted by scandal?
i. Stolypin's death - People believed Nicholas was one of those who wanted Stolypin dead.
ii. Rasputin - Rasputin's drunkness and affairs with ladies of the court were noted by the people, but Alexandra refused to believe them.


D. World War I
What were considered failures in Russia's effort in WWI?
i. Nicholas made himself Supreme Commander
ii. Poor transportation organization
iii. Scarcity and high price of food
iv. Shortage of supplies
v. Corrupt legal system lead to havoc on the home front

SGQ4

QW's:

1. “The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
2. Compare and contrast the rise to power of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region.

MWH 309-318

1. What did National Socialism stand for?
A. What were the movements four general principles?
i. The re-birth of the nation as a "national community"
ii. The organization of the masses under the social government.
iii. The state being organized with military in mind
iv. The race theory, that Aryans were superior to all other races.
B. What evidence suggests Nazism was a "natural development of German history"?
i. The same terror was seen in the 18th century with Prussian militarism.

ii.

C . What evidence suggests Nazism was a "distortion of normal development" of German history?

The ideals that made it possible for Hitler to gain power were created about 20 years before the First World War.
D . What evidence suggests Nazism was a bit of both?

Hitler was able to exploit the circumstances in which he was put.

2. How did Hitler consolidate his power?
A. Actions leading up to the March election of 1933
i. They used media such as the radio and the press.
ii. Senior policemen were replaced with reliable Nazis
iii. Meetings of all parties except the Nazis were wrecked.
B. The Reichstag fire
i. what happened?
A young Dutch anarchist burned and badly damaged the Reichstag building.
ii. what did it mean?
Hitler was able to use this to stir up support for the Nazis and against the Communists.
3. How was Hitler able to stay in power?
A. What was the Enabling Law?
A law allowing the government to pass laws without the Reichstag, sign agreements with foreign countries, and disregard the constitution in general.

B. How did the Enabling Law pass?
The Nazis planted the SS and SA outside the hall, chanting, "We want the bill, or fire and murder."
C. What was Gleichschaltung?
A policy that turned Germany into a Facist state.
D. What were the characteristics of gleichschaltung?
i. Germany became a single-party state.
ii. The power of the seperate state parties was replaced by a Nazi Special Commissioner.
iii. The civil service was purged of enemies of the state.
iv. Trade unions replaced by German Labour Front, no strikes allowed.
v. The education system was completely controlled by the government, resulting in an education with Hitler as the predominant subject.
vi. Pure Arayns awarded medals for breeding, Jews, gypsies and others forcefully sterilized.
vii. Minister of Propaganda appointed, all aspects of art, music and media controlled by government.
viii. How was the economic life of the country organized?
a. Industry success based on need, unneeded factories closed down.
b. Moving workers to where jobs were available
c. Encouraged farmers to increase grain output
d. Controlled food prices and rent
e. Manipulated foreign rates to avoid inflation
f. Introduced public works: Slum clearance, land drainage, motorway building
g. Forced exports on foreign countries
h. Manufacturing synthetics (rubber, wool)
i. Increased spending on armaments
ix. How was religion handled?
a. Catholics
Initially, it was accepted, but when parallels were run between the Hitler Youths and the Catholic Youth league, the Pope sent out the word that the Nazis
b. Protestants
Hitler tried to organize them into a Reich church, but they disagreed, becoming one of the few active resistances against Hitler.
x.

xi. Antisemitism
a. how was it legalized?
The Nuremberg Laws, which took away the Jews' citizenship, and did not allow them to marry a non-Jew
b. examples of the law being carried out
1. The Night of Broken Glass
2. The "Final Solution"
3. The Nuremberg Laws

E. How popular were Hitler's policies?
i. personal appeal - He organized huge rallies to help the idea of a new Germany.

ii. unemployment - Hitler managed to eliminate unemployment by creating posts with his new party, as well as the vacancies left by those purged.

iii. working people - Hitler made sure to give the working people benefits and keep them happy.

iv. upper class - Because of Hitler, there were no more trade unions to bother with. They could also buy back shares sold the state, and now felt safe from a communist revolution.

v. farmers - Farmers were held in a special place because of the focus on self-sufficiency and food production.

vi. the Army -
a. officers - Hitler made clear that one of his aims was to set aside the restrictions of the Versailles treaty by rearmament.

b. lower ranks - National Socialist were beginning to filter into the lower officer classes

c. Night of Long Knives - The army leaders were impressed by how Hitler handled the Night of Long Knives.

vii. foreign policy - His foreign policy was a complete success, and more and more Germans began to think that he couldn't be stopped.

SGQ1

Why did the Weimar Republic fail?
A. Disadvantages
1. why was Versailles "humiliating" and "unpopular"?
i. It had arms limitations.
ii. It had reparations.
iii. It had the "war guilt clause".
2. who did people generally believe should run the country?
i. The "officer class," members of the army.
were the German people justified in the view? why/why not?
ii. They were not justified in this view because it was the general of the German Army himself who asked for an agreement.
3. what weaknesses existed in the Weimar parliamentary system?
i. It relied on proportional representation, so that no party was able to gain a majority and carry out its agenda.
ii. The parties of the lower house of Parliament, the Reichstag, now had the final say. However, they had little experience and were not good at compromising, so decisions were difficult to make.
4. why did the political parties have no experience?
i. Because prior to the Weimar parliamentary system, they were not in control; The chancellor had the final say.
how did the political parties deal with their bitter rivalries?
ii. The communists refused to work with the Democrats, who in turn built up private armies to defend themselves.

B. Outbreaks of Violence
1. Sparticists
i. who was behind it?
The communists.
ii. how bad was it?
They occupied every major city, and besieged the President.
iii. how was it defeated?
The government enlisted the Freikorps, an independent army, to help them defeat the Sparticists.
2. Kapp Putsch
i. who was behind it?
The right-wing groups, including the Freikorps.
ii. how bad was it?
The Freikorps had one of their men appointed Chancellor, and the German army didn't stop them.
iii. how was it defeated?
The workers went on strike, paralyzing the capital and allowing the weak governmet to take control.
3. assassinations
i. who was behind it?
The ex-Freikorps members.
ii. how bad was it?
The Jewish Foreign Minister and the leader of the armistice delegation were both killed, and the government was powerless to stop them.
4. Beer Hall Putsch
i. who was behind it?
Hitler and General Lunderdorff.
ii. how bad was it?
Hitler didn't manage to do much before his arrest.
iii. how was it defeated?
His band was broken up by the police, and he was sentenced to five years in prison (although he only served nine months).
5. private armies
i. who was behind it?
The Nazis and the Communists.
ii. how bad was it?
The government was powerless to stop the opposing armies from attacking each other.
iii. how was it defeated?
It wasn't.
C. Economic problems
1. why was Germany facing bankruptcy?
The huge cost of the war.
2. what was the problem with the reparations payments?
Germany didn't have enough money to continually pay the payments.
3. how did France attempt to deal with the reparations issue?
They occupied the Ruhr to get goods from factories and mines.
E. Nazi popularity

1. how did the Nazis propose to fulfill their promises?
i. Getting rid of the "real problems": Marxists, "November criminals," Jesuits, Freemasons and Jews.
ii. They promised to overthrow the Versailles settlement.
2. i.What was the SA?
Hitler's private army.
ii. Why was the SA so popular?
It gave young men a small wage and a uniform.
3. Where did the fear of communism come from?
From the Russian's Communism failure.
4. What were Hitler's political abilities?
i. Tremmendous energy.
ii.Will-power.
iii. A gift for public speaking.
iv. Use of modern communication: rallies, parades, radio, and film.
5. What kinds of people supported the Nazis?
The lower middle class, those most harmed by the economic crisis.